Variantes genéticas del SARS-CoV-2 y sus implicaciones clínicas

Alexander Expósito Lara, Gisela Eduarda Feria Díaz, Sonia Noemí González Benítez, Pedro Enrique Miguel Soca

Texto completo:

XML PDF HTML

Resumen

El SARS-CoV-2, agente causal de la actual pandemia de la COVID-19, va sufriendo mutaciones como consecuencia de su ciclo evolutivo, lo que ha originado diferentes variantes genéticas, que han sido agrupadas en dos categorías: preocupante (alfa o británica, beta o sudafricana, gamma o brasileña y delta o india) y de interés (lamdba, mu, épsilon, eta, iota, kappa, zeta, theta); estas conllevan implicaciones clínicas en la transmisibilidad, virulencia y resistencia del SARS-CoV-2 a la inmunidad natural y adquirida, lo que representa un serio desafío para los servicios de salud en todo el mundo. En este artículo se describen dichas variantes genéticas, con énfasis en su probable impacto clínico, y además se plantea la posibilidad de que aparezcan otras, como fenómeno natural en la evolución de los virus.

Palabras clave

coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; mutación; farmacorresistencia viral.

Referencias

Wang MY, Zhao R, Gao LJ, Gao XF, Wang DP, Cao JM. SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-Based Therapeutics Development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 [citado 10/09/2021];10:587269. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723891

Chadha J, Khullar L, Mittal N. Facing the wrath of enigmatic mutations: a review on the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants amid coronavirus disease‐19 pandemic. Environ Microbiol. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8441773/pdf/EMI-9999-0.pdf

Joshi M, Puvar A, Kumar D, Ansari A, Pandya M, Raval J, et al. Genomic Variations in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes From Gujarat: Underlying Role of Variants in Disease Epidemiology. Front Genet. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];12:586569. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8017293

Gómez CE, Perdiguero B, Esteban M. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Impact inGlobal Vaccination Programs againstSARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Vaccines. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];9(3):243. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/243/pdf

Seyed Alinaghi SA, Mirzapour P, Dadras O, Pashaei Z, Karimi A, MohsseniPour M, et al. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 different variants and related morbidity and mortality: a systematic review. Eur J Med Res. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];26(1):51. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8185313

Kantor IN, Luthy IA, Ritacco GV. Las variantes de SARS-CoV-2 y la llamada resistencia a las vacunas. Medicina (Buenos Aires). 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];81:421-6. Disponible en: https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/139805/CONICET_Digital_Nro.73fb5b93-8455-44e3-aea0-f2e12c5872c8_A.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y

Pérez-Abeledo M, Sanz Moreno JC. Variantes de SARS-CoV-2, una historia todavía inacabada. Vacunas. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];22(3):173-9. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2445146021000406/pdfft?md5=ec776c9a68f326ae84d245302643db73&pid=1-s2.0-S2445146021000406-main.pdf

Wang R, Zhang Q, Ge J, Ren W, Zhang R, Lan J, et al. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations reveals neutralization escape mechanisms and the ability to use ACE2 receptors from additional species. Immunity. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];54(7):1611–21. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074761321002478/pdfft?md5=b54b25fb60378ed257dcdf1112249413&pid=1-s2.0-S1074761321002478-main.pdf

Fang S, Li K, Shen J, Liu S, Liu J, Yang L, et al. GESS: a database of global evaluation of /hCoV-19 sequences. Nucleic Acids Research. 2021 [citado 12/08/2021];49(D1): D706–D714. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/49/D1/D706/5921286

World Health Organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Ginebra: WHO; 2021 [citado 12/08/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants

McCallum M, Bassi J, De Marco A, Chen A, Walls AC, Di Iulio J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern. Science. 2021 [citado 12/08/2021];373:648-54. Disponible en: https://www.science.org/doi/epdf/10.1126/science.abi7994

Resende PC, Delatorre E, Gräf T, Mir D, Coutto Motta F, Reiss Appolinario L, et al. Evolutionary dynamics and dissemination pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.1.33 during the early pandemic phase in Brazil. Front Microbiol. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];11:615280. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7925893/pdf/fmicb-11-615280.pdf

Tao K, Tzou PL, Nouhin J, Gupta RK, de Oliveira T, Kosakovsky Pond SL, et al. The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Rev Genet. 2021 Sep [citado 10/08/2021]. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-021-00408-x.pdf

Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Agoramoorthy G, Lee S-S. Evolution, mode of transmission, andmutational landscape of newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. mBio. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];12:e01140-21. Disponible en: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mBio.01140-21

Renostro Delai R, Ramathan Freitas A, Welker Biondo A. Variantes genéticas del SARS-CoV-2. Revista Clínica Veterinaria. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];26(152). Disponible en: https://www.revistaclinicaveterinaria.com/science/edicion-152/variantes-geneticas-del-sars-cov-2/

Vilar S, Isom DG. One Year of SARS-CoV-2: How Much Has the Virus Changed? Biology. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];10(2):91. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/2/91/htm

Pandey U, Yee R, Shen L, Judkins AR, Bootwalla M, Ryutov A, et al. High Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variation and D614G Mutation in Pediatric Patients With COVID-19. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];8(6):551. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/8/6/ofaa551/5981353

Zhu Z, Liu G, Meng K, Yang L, Liu D, Meng G, Rapid Spread of Mutant Alleles in Worldwide SARS-CoV-2 Strains Revealed by Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Variation Analysis, Genome Biology and Evolution. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];13(2). Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/2/evab015/6123746

Raman R, Patel KJ, Ranjan K. COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];11(7):993. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/7/993/pdf

Toyoshima Y, Nemoto K, Matsumoto S, Nakamura Y, Kiyotan K. SARS-CoV-2 genomic variations associated with mortality rate of COVID-19. J Hum Genet. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];65:1075-82. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-020-0808-9.pdf

Antony P, Vijayan R. Role of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 variations in COVID-19. Biomed J. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];44(3):235-44. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417021000366/pdfft?md5=cda398ab8200f8bf36e3bad92e2f3b48&pid=1-s2.0-S2319417021000366-main.pdf

Desimmie BA, Raru, YY, Awadh HM, He P, Teka S, Willenburg, KS. Insights intoSARS-CoV-2 Persistence and Its Relevance. Viruses. 2021 [citado 10/09/2021];13(6):1025. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/34072390/

Pohl MO, Busnadiego I, Kufner V, Glas I, Karakus U, Schmutz S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants reveal features critical for replication in primary human cells. PLoS Biol. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];19(3):3001006. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021179/

Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, Ye G, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];117(21):11727-34. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7260975/

Amanat F, Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report. Immunity. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];52(4):583-9. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074761320301205/pdfft?md5=0afe6c765f14b8bbc390f2b80f3301d0&pid=1-s2.0-S1074761320301205-main.pdf

Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];586:516–27. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7260975/

Scheid JF, Barnes CO, Eraslan B, Hudak A, Keeffe JR, Cosimi LA, et al. B cell genomics behind cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-CoV. Cell. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];184(12):3205–21. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8064835/

Puray-Chavez M, LaPak KM, Schrank TP, Elliott JL, Bhatt DP, Agajanian MJ, et al. Systematic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection of an ACE2-negative human airway cell. Cell Rep. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];36(2):109364. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124721007622/pdfft?md5=e6eaaa47f96d8cef1e0fa50051f9a8c1&pid=1-s2.0-S2211124721007622-main.pdf

Creech CB, Walker SC, Samuels RJ. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. JAMA. 2021[citado 10/08/2021];325(13):1318–20. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777059

Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];19:141-54. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-020-00459-7.pdf

Colson P, Devaux CA, Lagier JC, Gautret P, Raoult D. A Possible Role of Remdesivir and Plasma Therapy in the Selective Sweep and Emergence of New SARS-CoV-2 Variants. J Clin Med. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];10(15):3276. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/15/3276/pdf

Fantini J, Yahi N, Azzaz F, Chahinian H. Structural dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants: A health monitoring strategy for anticipating Covid-19 outbreaks. J Infect. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];83(2):197-206. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172274/

Silva-Ayarza I, Bachelet VC. Lo que sabemos y no sabemos sobre SARS-CoV-2 y COVID-19. Medwave. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];21(4):8198. Disponible en: https://www.medwave.cl/link.cgi/Medwave/Revisiones/RevisionClinica/8198.act

Mohammadi M, Shayestehpour M, Mirzaei H. The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines. Braz J Infect Dis. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];25(4):101606. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8367756/

Wang Y, Chen R, Hu F, Lan Y, Yang Z, Zhan C, et al. Transmission, viral kinetics and clinical characteristics of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Guangzhou, China. EClinical Medicine. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];40:101129. Disponible en: https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2589-5370%2821%2900409-0

Alter G, Yu J, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Borducchi EN, Tostanoski LH, et al. Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans. Nature. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];596(7871):268–72. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03681-2

Tostanoski LH, Yu J, Mercado NB, McMahan K, Jacob-Dolan C, Martinot AJ, et al. Immunity elicited by natural infection or Ad26.COV2.S vaccination protects hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Sci Transl Med. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];13(618). Disponible en: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abj3789

Abdelnabi R, Boudewijns R, Foo CS, Seldeslachts L, Sanchez-Felipe L, Zhang X, et al. Comparing infectivity and virulence of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in Syrian hamsters. EBioMedicine. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];68:103403. Disponible en: https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2352-3964%2821%2900196-1

Wu J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Ding R, Nie J, et al. The Antigenicity of Epidemic SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the United Kingdom. Front Immunol. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];12:687869. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8247764/pdf/fimmu-12-687869.pdf

Kaku Y, Kuwata T, Zahid HM, Hashiguchi T, Noda T, Kuramoto N, et al. Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by antibodies induced in convalescent patients with COVID-19. Cell Rep. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];36(2):109385. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8226103/

Zhang H, Deng S, Ren L, Zheng P, Hu X, Jin T, et al. Profiling CD8+ T cell epitopes of COVID-19 convalescents reveals reduced cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Rep. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];36(11):109708. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124721011554/pdfft?md5=220064ff6fedd3ca23b3546a9c79d37a&pid=1-s2.0-S2211124721011554-main.pdf

Hoffmann M, Arora P, Groß R, Seidel A, Hörnich BF, Hahn AS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies. Cell. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];184(9):2384–93. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980144/

Vasireddy D, Vanaparthy R, Mohan G, Malayala SV, Atluri P. Review of COVID-19 Variants and COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy: What the Clinician Should Know? J Clin Med Res. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];13(6):317-25. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8256910/



Bookmark and Share


Licencia de Creative Commons
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.