Variantes genéticas del SARS-CoV-2 y sus implicaciones clínicas
Palabras clave:
coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, mutación, farmacorresistencia viral.Resumen
El SARS-CoV-2, agente causal de la actual pandemia de la COVID-19, va sufriendo mutaciones como consecuencia de su ciclo evolutivo, lo que ha originado diferentes variantes genéticas, que han sido agrupadas en dos categorías: preocupante (alfa o británica, beta o sudafricana, gamma o brasileña y delta o india) y de interés (lamdba, mu, épsilon, eta, iota, kappa, zeta, theta); estas conllevan implicaciones clínicas en la transmisibilidad, virulencia y resistencia del SARS-CoV-2 a la inmunidad natural y adquirida, lo que representa un serio desafío para los servicios de salud en todo el mundo. En este artículo se describen dichas variantes genéticas, con énfasis en su probable impacto clínico, y además se plantea la posibilidad de que aparezcan otras, como fenómeno natural en la evolución de los virus.
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3. Joshi M, Puvar A, Kumar D, Ansari A, Pandya M, Raval J, et al. Genomic Variations in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes From Gujarat: Underlying Role of Variants in Disease Epidemiology. Front Genet. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];12:586569. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8017293
4. Gómez CE, Perdiguero B, Esteban M. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Impact inGlobal Vaccination Programs againstSARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Vaccines. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];9(3):243. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/243/pdf
5. Seyed Alinaghi SA, Mirzapour P, Dadras O, Pashaei Z, Karimi A, MohsseniPour M, et al. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 different variants and related morbidity and mortality: a systematic review. Eur J Med Res. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];26(1):51. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8185313
6. Kantor IN, Luthy IA, Ritacco GV. Las variantes de SARS-CoV-2 y la llamada resistencia a las vacunas. Medicina (Buenos Aires). 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];81:421-6. Disponible en: https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/bitstream/handle/11336/139805/CONICET_Digital_Nro.73fb5b93-8455-44e3-aea0-f2e12c5872c8_A.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
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16. Vilar S, Isom DG. One Year of SARS-CoV-2: How Much Has the Virus Changed? Biology. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];10(2):91. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/2/91/htm
17. Pandey U, Yee R, Shen L, Judkins AR, Bootwalla M, Ryutov A, et al. High Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variation and D614G Mutation in Pediatric Patients With COVID-19. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];8(6):551. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/8/6/ofaa551/5981353
18. Zhu Z, Liu G, Meng K, Yang L, Liu D, Meng G, Rapid Spread of Mutant Alleles in Worldwide SARS-CoV-2 Strains Revealed by Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Variation Analysis, Genome Biology and Evolution. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];13(2). Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/2/evab015/6123746
19. Raman R, Patel KJ, Ranjan K. COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];11(7):993. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/7/993/pdf
20. Toyoshima Y, Nemoto K, Matsumoto S, Nakamura Y, Kiyotan K. SARS-CoV-2 genomic variations associated with mortality rate of COVID-19. J Hum Genet. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];65:1075-82. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-020-0808-9.pdf
21. Antony P, Vijayan R. Role of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 variations in COVID-19. Biomed J. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];44(3):235-44. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417021000366/pdfft?md5=cda398ab8200f8bf36e3bad92e2f3b48&pid=1-s2.0-S2319417021000366-main.pdf
22. Desimmie BA, Raru, YY, Awadh HM, He P, Teka S, Willenburg, KS. Insights intoSARS-CoV-2 Persistence and Its Relevance. Viruses. 2021 [citado 10/09/2021];13(6):1025. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/34072390/
23. Pohl MO, Busnadiego I, Kufner V, Glas I, Karakus U, Schmutz S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants reveal features critical for replication in primary human cells. PLoS Biol. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];19(3):3001006. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8021179/
24. Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, Ye G, Geng Q, Auerbach A, Li F. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];117(21):11727-34. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7260975/
25. Amanat F, Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report. Immunity. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];52(4):583-9. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074761320301205/pdfft?md5=0afe6c765f14b8bbc390f2b80f3301d0&pid=1-s2.0-S1074761320301205-main.pdf
26. Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020 [citado 10/08/2021];586:516–27. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7260975/
27. Scheid JF, Barnes CO, Eraslan B, Hudak A, Keeffe JR, Cosimi LA, et al. B cell genomics behind cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-CoV. Cell. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];184(12):3205–21. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8064835/
28. Puray-Chavez M, LaPak KM, Schrank TP, Elliott JL, Bhatt DP, Agajanian MJ, et al. Systematic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection of an ACE2-negative human airway cell. Cell Rep. 2021 [citado 10/08/2021];36(2):109364. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124721007622/pdfft?md5=e6eaaa47f96d8cef1e0fa50051f9a8c1&pid=1-s2.0-S2211124721007622-main.pdf
29. Creech CB, Walker SC, Samuels RJ. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. JAMA. 2021[citado 10/08/2021];325(13):1318–20. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777059
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Publicado
2021-12-08
Cómo citar
1.
Expósito Lara A, Feria Díaz GE, González Benítez SN, Miguel Soca PE. Variantes genéticas del SARS-CoV-2 y sus implicaciones clínicas. MEDISAN [Internet]. 8 de diciembre de 2021 [citado 21 de junio de 2025];25(6):1424-46. Disponible en: https://medisan.sld.cu/index.php/san/article/view/3878
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