Histopathological pattern of advanced colorectal cancer in sancti spíritus during 2023-2024
Abstract
Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of death from malignant tumors in Cuba. In Sancti Spíritus, its incidence reflects population aging, which demands a detailed analysis of its histopathological profile to optimize diagnosis and treatment.
Objective: To characterize colorectal cancer in Sancti Spíritus from 2023 to 2024 through a histopathological study.
Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted at Camilo Cienfuegos General Provincial Hospital. The sample included 161 patients with a confirmed diagnosis. Demographic and histopathological variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: The predominant age group was 60–79 years (58,3 %), with a male predominance (51,5 %). The most frequent tumor location was the rectum (42,2 %). Most tumors were diagnosed at advanced stages, with invasion of the muscular layer (49,6 %). Adenocarcinomas accounted for 87,5 % of cases, of which 73,9 % were moderately and well-differentiated. Vascular invasion was identified in 57,7 % of cases and neural invasion in 23,6 %. Tumor budding was low in 57,7 % of cases. Lymph node metastasis was present in 52,7 % of patients, of whom 74,1 % had between 1 and 4 positive lymph nodes.
Conclusions: CRC in Sancti Spíritus is characterized by diagnosis at advanced stages, a predominance of differentiated adenocarcinomas, and a high frequency of vascular invasion. These findings underscore the biological aggressiveness of local tumors and the critical need to strengthen early detection programs to improve patient prognosis.
Downloads
References
1. World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO; 2023 [actualizado 11/7/2023; citado 02/02/2026]. Colorectal cáncer; [aprox. 6 p]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer
2. Morgan E, Arnold M, Gini A, Lorenzoni V, Cabasag CJ, Laversanne M, et al. La carga global del cáncer colorrectal en 2020 y 2040: estimaciones de incidencia y mortalidad de GLOBOCAN. Gut. 2023[citado 02/02/2026];72(2):338-344. Disponible en:
3. Xi Y, Xu P. Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. Transl Oncol. 2021[citado 02/02/2026];14(10):101174. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936523321001662
4. Pan American Health Organization. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 2024 [actualizado 2026; citado 02/02/2026] Cáncer in the Americas; [aprox. 4 p]. Disponible en: https://www.paho.org/en/topics/cancer
5. Leite LF, da Conceição LD, Saldanha EF, Menezes S, de Melo AC, Borea R, Corassa M, et al. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Estimates in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Analysis of the GLOBOCAN 2022. Cáncer Res Commun. 2025[citado 02/02/2026];5(12):2236-48. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12745351/
6. Cuba. Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. Dirección de Registros médicos y Estadísticas de Salud. Anuario Estadístico de Salud. La Habana: Dirección de Registros médicos y Estadísticas de Salud; 2023 [citado 02/02/2026]. Disponible en: https://files.sld.cu/dne/files/2024/12/Anuario-estadistico-salud-2023.pdf
7. Cuba. Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. Dirección de Registros médicos y Estadísticas de Salud. Anuario Estadístico de Salud. La Habana: Dirección de Registros médicos y Estadísticas de Salud; 2024 [citado 02/02/2026]. Disponible en: https://files.sld.cu/dne/files/2025/09/AES-2024-para-sitio-3.pdf
8. Álvarez Escobar B, Mirabal Requena JC, Concepción Pacheco JA, Cruz Rodríguez J, Naranjo Hernández Y. Caracterización de adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal en la comunidad. Rev. Finlay. 2023 [citado 02/02/2026]; 13(4): 377-85. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2221-24342023000400377&lng=es
9. Alese OB, Zhou W, Jiang R, Zakka K, Huang Z, Okoli C, et al. Predictive and Prognostic Effects of Primary Tumor Size on Colorectal Cancer Survival. Front Oncol. 2021 [citado 02/02/2026]; 11:728076. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.728076.
10. Ávalos García R, Del Valle-Llufrío P, Tejada Fernández GA, Ponce Rodríguez FM, Tarajano Márquez JM, Caballero Boza C. Comportamiento del cáncer colorrectal avanzado diagnosticado en el departamento de Gastroenterología, Matanzas 2023. MedEst. 2025 [citado 02/02/2026]; 5: e395. Disponible en: https://revmedest.sld.cu/index.php/medest/article/view/395
11. Cayon Poyeaux RO, Cayon Simonó A, Rivera Soto Y, Calzadilla Navarro Y, Hechavarría Matos E. Aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos e histológicos en pacientes con cáncer de colon de la provincia de Guantánamo. MEDISAN. 2023 [citado 02/02/2026]; 27(1): e4197. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1029-30192023000100006&lng=es
12. Saberzadeh-Ardestani B, Foster NR, Lee HE, Shi Q, Alberts SR, Smyrk TC, Sinicrope FA. Association of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with survival depends on primary tumor sidedness in stage III colon cancers (NCCTG N0147) [Alliance]. Ann Oncol. 2022 [citado 02/02/2026]; 33(11):1159-67. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923753422037942
13. Lee JY, Roh MS, Lee JH, Park SJ, Chang HK, Jung SW, et al. Comparison of the prognosis and lymph node metastasis between no tumor budding and low-grade tumor budding in T1 and T2 colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 2025[citado 02/02/2026]; 15(1):212. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11696688/
14. López-Basave HN, Morales-Vázquez F, Miranda-Dévora G, Olmos-García JP, Hernández-Castañeda KF, Rivera-Mogollan LG, et al. Características clinicopatológicas del cáncer colorrectal en pacientes menores de 30 años. Cir. cir. 2023 [citado 02/02/2026]; 91(6):785-93. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2444-054X2023000600785&lng=es
15. Yin W, Zhang M, Ji Z, Li X, Zhang S, Liu G. Impact of tumor size on overall survival and cancer-specific survival of early-onset colon and rectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2024 [citado 02/02/2026];39(1):69. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-024-04644-5
16. Turkoglu E, Sarıyar Busery N, Yildirim S, Akdağ Topal G, Salman CB, Conay E, et al. Prognostic Impact of Tumor Size in Patients with Stage T3N1 Colon Cancer. J Clin Med. 2025 [citado 02/02/2026];15(1):247. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/1/247
17. Sun ZG, Chen SX, Sun BL, Zhang DK, Sun HL, Chen H, et al. Important role of lymphovascular and perineural invasion in prognosis of colorectal cancer patients with N1c disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2025[citado 02/02/2026];31(5):102210. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11718613/
18. Alkurt EG, Kartal B, Tutan MB, Lale A, Aygen E. Prognostic value of lymphovascular and perineural invasion in colorectal cancer: Lymphovascular and perineural invasion in colorectal cancer. J Surg Med. 2023[citado 02/02/2026]; 7(2):138-43. Disponible en: OI: https://jsurgmed.com/article/download/7561/6314
19. Mroczkowski P, Kim S, Otto R, Lippert H, Zajdel R, Zajdel K, et al. Prognostic Value of Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio and Identification of Factors Influencing the Lymph Node Yield in Patients Undergoing Curative Colon Cancer Resection. Cancers (Basel). 2024[citado 02/02/2026];16(1):218. Disponible en: https://www.preprints.org/frontend/manuscript/b9a6ad1e3a38e4b9766f82b9d5be10a6/download_pub
20. Zhang Y, Li J, Guan X, Wang S, Jiang N, Jiao S, et al. Impact of lymph node metastasis on prognosis in colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis and staging systems Refinement: An international multicenter retrospective cohort study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2025[citado 02/02/2026];51(9):110124. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0748798325005529
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Yazmín Elena Hernández Díaz, Miladys Ramos Lage, Egduina Rondón Madrigal, Nidia Elena Díaz Rodríguez, Miguel Antonio Oviedo Jiménez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All the articles can be downloaded or read for free. The journal does not charge any amount of money to the authors for the reception, edition or the publication of the articles, making the whole process completely free. Medisan has no embargo period and it is published under the license of Creative Commons, International Non Commercial Recognition 4.0, which authorizes the copy, reproduction and the total or partial distribution of the articles in any format or platform, with the conditions of citing the source of information and not to be used for profitable purposes.
![Secimed](/templates/images/secimed.png"){kind=small}
