Clinical course and prognosis of patients with metabolic syndrome infected by the new coronavirus
Keywords:
metabolic syndrome, COVID-19, infectious disease, comorbidities, immune system.Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by the SARS-CoV-2 that appears in patients with high risk factors as the metabolic syndrome.
Objective: To update the knowledge on the clinical course and prognosis of patients with metabolic syndrome infected by the new coronavirus.
Development: The secondary and tetiary sources consulted explain the direct relationship between the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and the serious forms of the COVID-19, so that the clinical course and prognosis of these patients is very unfavorable, although the performance therapeutic protocols nowadays are considered complex and contextualized.
Conclusions: The unfavorable clinical course of the patients with metabolic syndrome infected by the COVID-19 hides its prognosis, reason why the current therapeutic strategies for the care to these sick persons have not been able to stop the progressive course of the infectious disease identified in the metabolic comorbidity, that makes difficult the prevention of complications.Downloads
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References
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34. Gupta, A. Real-world clinical effectiveness and tolerability of hydroxychloroquine 400 mg in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes subjects who are not willing to initiate insulin therapy (HYQ-Real-World Study). Curr Diabetes Rev. 2019 [citado 11/04/2020]; 15(6): 510–9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31713476/
35. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 [citado 11/04/2020];5(7). Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32211816/
2. Wang D, Hu B, Hu Ch, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus and infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 [citado 06/04/2020];323(11). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7042881/
3. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020 [citado 06/04/2020];109. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32113704/
4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Situation Report-105. Geneva: WHO; 2020 [citado 06/04/2020]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200504-COVID-19-sitrep-105.pdf?sfvrsn=4cdda8af_2
5.Gupta R, Ghosh A, Singh AK, Misra A. Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 [citado 24/04/2020];14(3):211-2. Disponible en: Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32172175
6. Naranjo Dominguez A, Valdés Martín A. COVID-19. Punto de vista del cardiólogo. Rev. cuba. cardiol. cir. cardiovasc. 2020 [citado 23/03/2020]; 26(1):1-5. Disponible en: http://www.revcardiologia.sld.cu/index.php/revcardiologia/article/view/951/pdf
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9. Hernández Ruiz de Eguilaz M, Batlle MA, Martínez de Morentin B, San Cristóbal R, Pérez Díez S, Navas Carretero S, et al. Cambios alimentarios y de estilo de vida como estrategia en la prevención del síndrome metabólico y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: hitos y perspectivas. An Sist San Navarra. 2016 [citado 23/03/2020];39(2):269-89. Disponible en: https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1137-66272016000200009
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11. Hoffmann M, Kleine Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020 [citado 23/03/2020];181(2). Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32142651/
12. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020 [citado 23/03/2020]. Disponible en: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30116-8/fulltext
13. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Sobrepeso y Obesidad. Ginebra: OMS; 2020 [citado 19/04/2020]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
14. Ryan DH, Ravussin E, Heymsfield S. COVID 19 and the Patient with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 [citado 19/04/2020];28(5):847. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32237212
15. Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019-nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2020 [citado 20/04/2020];48(6). Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32120458/
16. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis [article in press]. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 [citado 23/03/2020]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32173574/
17.Watanabe M, Risi R, Tuccinardi D, Baquero CJ, Manfrini S, Gnessi L. Obesity and SARS-CoV-2: a population to safeguard. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 [citado 21/04/2020];36(2). Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/dmrr.3325
18. Puig Domingo M, Marazuela M, Giustina A. COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Endocrine. 2020 [citado 21/04/2020];68(1):2-5. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32279224
19. Sattar N, McInnes IB, McMurray JV. Obesity a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection: multiple potential mechanisms. Circulation. 2020 [citado 22/04/2020];142(1). Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32320270
20. Elias Malavazos A, Corsi Romanelli MM,Bandera F, Iacobellis G. Targeting the adipose tissue in COVID-19. Obesity Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 [citado 22/04/2020];28(5). Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32314871
21. Kulcsar KA, Coleman CM, Beck SE, Frieman MB. Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS‐CoV infection. JCI Insight. 2019 [citado 22/04/2020];4. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31550243/
22. Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetes and COVID-19. J Diabetes]. 2020 [citado 22/04/2020];12(4):347-8. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32162476
23. Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: unveiling the interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020 [citado 23/04/2020];36(2). Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32233018
24. Wu H, Lau ESH, Ma RCW, Kong APS, Wild SH, Goggins W. Secular trends in all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates in people with diabetes in Hong Kong, 2001-2016: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetología. 2020 [citado 23/04/2020];63(4):757-66. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942668/
25. Zou X, Zou JKC, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. The single-cell RNAseq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to Wuhan 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med [Internet]. 2020 [citado 10/04/2020];14(2). Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32170560/
26. Tikellis K, Thomas MC. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key modulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System in health and disease. Int J Pept. 2012 [citado 10/04/2020];2012. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22536270/
27. Rao S, Lau A, So HC. Exploring diseases/traits and blood proteins causally related to expression of ACE2, the putative receptor of 2019-nCov: a Mendelian randomization analysis. MedRxiv. New York: Cold Spring Harbor; 2020 [citado 10/04/2020]. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339792109_Exploring_diseasestraits_and_blood_proteins_causally_related_to_expression_of_ACE2_the_putative_receptor_of_2019-nCov_A_Mendelian_Randomization_analysis
28. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 [citado 23/03/2020];395(10229):1054-62 Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171076/
29. Bonow RO, Fonarow GC, O´Gara PT. Association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with myocardial injury and mortality. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 [citado 11/04/2020];5(7) Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2763844
30. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T.et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020 [citado 11/04/2020];5(7). Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2763845
31. Mehta P, McAuley D, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall R, Manson J. Across Speciality Collaboration, UK COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020 [citado 11/04/2020];395. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192578/
32. Simões Silva AC, Silveira KD, Ferreira AJ, Teixeira MM. ACE2, angiotensin-(1–7) and Mas receptor axis in inflammation and fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2013 [citado 11/04/2020];169(3):477–92. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23488800/
33. Roca Ho H, Riera M, Palau V, Pascual J, Soler MJ. Characterization of ACE and ACE2 expression within different organs of the NOD mouse. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 [citado 11/04/2020];18(3):563. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28273875/
34. Gupta, A. Real-world clinical effectiveness and tolerability of hydroxychloroquine 400 mg in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes subjects who are not willing to initiate insulin therapy (HYQ-Real-World Study). Curr Diabetes Rev. 2019 [citado 11/04/2020]; 15(6): 510–9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31713476/
35. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 [citado 11/04/2020];5(7). Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32211816/
Published
2021-10-13
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1.
Bell Castillo J, García Céspedes ME, Carrión WG. Clinical course and prognosis of patients with metabolic syndrome infected by the new coronavirus. MEDISAN [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 13 [cited 2025 Jul. 13];25(5). Available from: https://medisan.sld.cu/index.php/san/article/view/3640
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